I was walking down the Yellow Brick Road reading a lecture on work by dear old lefty Herbert Marcuse entitled "The End of Utopia" and I had a thought.
My reductive
Three Peoples theory does not directly address the question of human work, not yet. And that is wrong.
In his lecture, from
Five Lectures, Marcuse looks forward to a time, after the revolution, when "alienated labor" will be a thing of the past, and liberation and happiness will reign. He makes a distinction between "the realm of freedom" and "the realm of necessity." True freedom can only exist in a world in which the question of necessity has been removed. He look to a "new theory of man" that posits
a freedom no longer based on and limited by scarcity and the necessity of alienated labor... the negation of the need for the struggle for existence... the negation of the need to earn one's living; the negation of the performance principle, of competition; the negation of the need for wasteful, ruinous productivity[.]
In a world freed from necessity, Marcuse sees a flowering of the "aesthetic," featuring "a convergence of technology and art and the convergence of work and play... a society in which even socially necessary labor can be organized in harmony with the liberated, genuine needs of men."
Now, I don't know how that plays to you, but I immediately thought: this is how a young twentysomething thinks, the sort of chap that lives in some trendy urban district and dresses in artistical black. This representative of the People of the Creative Self thinks of work as a creative endeavor. In response to a question from his grandfather in respect of his career plans, he might say that he "wants to do something creative." He thinks, in other words, exactly like Herbert Marcuse, without the Marxist jargon.
Now it is no surprise that some lefty artistical kid from the People of the Creative Self would believe in work as creative play, but I immediately thought: what about the rest of us?
Obviously, when we talk about the People of the Subordinate Self then we are talking about people that work because they have to: this is "alienated labor" in the full Marxian sense of the word. The lowest level of this approach to work is the slave who does not do a stitch of work unless directly ordered by his overseer with the encouragement of his cowskin whip.
But it is interesting to recognize that this is not the way that work works in the real world. Nobody is a complete subordinate slave. Even the lowliest worker has some responsibility. And the record of slave plantations is that the slave-owner prefers to give the slave a certain amount of responsibility, such as growing his own food, rather than bear the burden himself of ordering the slave's every movement and providing every need. The slave-owner might even rent the slave, e.g., Frederick Douglass, to somebody else. You can see that the same thing applies to serfdom. The serfs are not slaves; their lords do not direct their every move, and the self needs to figure out how to farm and make his own food for his own family.
The record of capitalist employers in the wake of the industrial revolution is that they want and prefer, more and more, responsible and flexible employees. They do not want drones that work like automatons on the assembly line; for one thing, such workin' stiffs tend to join unions. Wal-Mart, for instance, encourages its employees to take on-line courses in the back room, and it rewards them for upping their game.
Of course there is an exception to this. The socialist state likes its people dumb and stupid and subordinate. It doesn't want responsible, independent citizens, but subordinate subjects that can be ordered around by socialist managers with a taste for power. Anyone else is a wrecker and a saboteur.
What about the People of the Responsible Self? How do they think about work? It is obvious. People of the Responsible Self recognize that work, their contribution to society, is what enables them to hold their heads up in the world. For them, it is a thing of pride to have marketable skills that enable them to live a decent and independent life, serving their fellow men and respected by their fellow humans.
Notice how this attitude towards work is not comprehended by the Marcuse approach to work. In his world you are either working under the knout, in "alienated labor," or you are living in sunlit uplands in a "convergence of work and play." This is why my Three Peoples theory is so superior to the Two Peoples narrative of the left that does not even rise to the sophistication of Hegel's Master and Slave dialectic. My theory, reductive as it is, understands the great human middle, and not just the two extremes.
Now we come to the question of work for the People of the Creative Self. Here, of course, work is not something you do because you have to in order to get bread on the table. It is not even something you do to hold your head up in the world as a respectable bourgeois that pulls his weight. Your work is a creative project, something that is new and original. This is an individualism different from the responsible individualism that is celebrated by economics and sneered at by the Fabians. It is, as Charles Taylor writes, "expressive individualism," that expresses the individuality of its person as a efflorescence, a flowering, rather than merely as a separate atom.
There is one little problem with the notion of work as a creative enterprise. It is that, as Schopenhauer writes in
The World as Will and Idea, that the creative individual is one in a million.
[E]verything that is excellent is always a mere exception, one case in millions, and therefore, if it presents itself as a lasting work... exists in isolation, is preserved like a meteoric stone, sprung from an order of things different from that which prevails here. (p.335)
Think Michelangelo, think Einstein. But the People of the Creative Self want to believe that creativity can become routine and unexceptionable, as least for special people like themselves.
You can see that my
Perfect Plan fits into all this. First, it wants to encourage all People of the Subordinate Self to take on something of the armor of light, and become as responsible as possible, each according to his ability. Secondly, it recognizes that in the arena of creativity many are called but few are chosen, and thus many would-be creatives cannot really expect to be much more than merely People of the Responsible Self with a certain flair not given to the ordinary deplorable. Perhaps all they can aspire to is to drive a Subaru rather than a Honda. It therefore behooves the creative to treat the People of the Responsible Self with respect and compassion, for there but for the Grace of the God of Creativity go I.
The other thing about work is that, without work, most people go to the bad. This is because, as Schopehnauer writes, most of our life is lived in trying to obtain the satisfaction of some desire. But once the desire is achieved, we are back to zero, either overcome with "ennui" because suddenly our life has no purpose, or seized by a new desire and the need to obtain satisfaction. Thus it is that we work all our lives towards the shining goal of "success" or "retirement" only to find that success doesn't solve anything and that life in retirement still needs a purpose. There is no land of freedom in which work and play converge in some kind of aesthetic experience and everything is "organized in harmony with the liberated, genuine needs of men."
So it is that most moralists and philosophers have recognized that life in this world is always going to be a vale of tears. Only in the Happy Land of eternity can Eternal Bliss be found. Anything else is to "
immanentize the eschaton."