One of the attitudes our lefty friends like to pose is that but for them, we would still have slavery and imperialism. Today this survives in the left's anti-racism, which decries the racism and colonialism of the 19th century and imagines that, but for the left, it would all still flourish.
By the way, if you want to talk about slavery and empire, you can't do better than talk about their Last Hurrah in the Soviet Union, 1917-1990.
But my reading leads me to believe that slavery and imperialism were all over bar shouting when the left appeared in the middle of the 19th century. There was, of course, an anti-slavery movement that went back to the 18th century, but no real anti-imperialism movement until Lenin gussied it up.
On slavery I wonder how much of the anti-slavery movement was a pure moral movement and how much of it was just an internal squabble in the British merchant class between the entrepreneurial slave-plantation owners and the scions of the merchant class like William Wilberforce, whose grandfather had made the family fortune in the Baltic trade. Both of these groups were able to enter Parliament and engage in power politics with the old landed class by the end of the 18th century.
On empire my reading of 19th century history is that the western powers, while unreflectingly swinging their military might around the world, really didn't know what they were doing. They wanted to force the Chinas and Japans of the world to trade with them, and especially lower tariffs so that western goods could be imported into every country in the world. But they were not imperialists of the old school, who were merely interested in loot and plunder. They did not say to their conquered foes: you will give us your wealth and surrender your women and children into slavery; they only demanded that western merchants be allowed entry into the country on favorable terms so that trade could flourish and increase. They did, however, manage to capture most of the benefits of trade to themselves.
Then there is the 18th century Impeachment of Warren Hastings, the British Governor of Bengal. Chaps like Edmund Burke didn't like the way Hastings looted the Indians under his charge, especially his mean treatment of the Begums of Oudh. My point is: how come a little imperial loot and plunder had, by the end of the 18th century, become a scandal in the British Parliament?
So my view is that capitalism and the Great Enrichment turned men away from slavery and loot-and-plunder empire and towards the market economy of production for exchange and trading with the whole world.
Suppose we consider the slave plantations as Chapter One of the industrial revolution, with gangs of slaves doing simple repetitive jobs for a capitalized enterprise. But look at Chapter Two, where workers were assembled in factories doing repetitive jobs tending textile machines. Pretty soon they were allowed to form trade unions, become voters, and swing national politics towards their agenda of schooling and social insurance. Don't you think it remarkable that this occurred, and that the capitalists did not use their wealth to lord it over the industrial economy like emperors of old and keep the workers as slaves in perpetuity?
I think there is some truth to Marx's doctrine of base and superstructure. Once you get a market economy going men and women are changed by the new economic order and its "nudges." In this new world, slaves are low productivity automatons -- that might rebel in a slave rebellion! And loot-and-plunder imperialism amounts to impoverishing potential customers. How dumb is that!
It is telling that the last notable instance of loot and plunder in western history was the plundering of defeated Germany in 1945 by the Soviet Union. The Soviets removed to Russia just about every machine that was not tied down. But really, what good did it do? In the end the Soviet Union was an economic failure, basically because it operated on the old top-down model where the sovereign issued the orders and the slaves did what they were told, and the tributary states bowed and scraped whenever the sovereign demanded. In West Germany the western powers pretty soon decided they wanted the economy in Germany to recover so that Germans could become an asset rather than a cost.
OK, Great. This is now ancient history: slavery and empire are dead. What I would like to happen is that the present neo-feudal welfare state would go the way of slavery and loot-and-plunder, because we the people are better than subordinate peasants bowing and scraping to our Lords and Masters of the Swamp.
By the way, if you want to talk about slavery and empire, you can't do better than talk about their Last Hurrah in the Soviet Union, 1917-1990.
But my reading leads me to believe that slavery and imperialism were all over bar shouting when the left appeared in the middle of the 19th century. There was, of course, an anti-slavery movement that went back to the 18th century, but no real anti-imperialism movement until Lenin gussied it up.
On slavery I wonder how much of the anti-slavery movement was a pure moral movement and how much of it was just an internal squabble in the British merchant class between the entrepreneurial slave-plantation owners and the scions of the merchant class like William Wilberforce, whose grandfather had made the family fortune in the Baltic trade. Both of these groups were able to enter Parliament and engage in power politics with the old landed class by the end of the 18th century.
On empire my reading of 19th century history is that the western powers, while unreflectingly swinging their military might around the world, really didn't know what they were doing. They wanted to force the Chinas and Japans of the world to trade with them, and especially lower tariffs so that western goods could be imported into every country in the world. But they were not imperialists of the old school, who were merely interested in loot and plunder. They did not say to their conquered foes: you will give us your wealth and surrender your women and children into slavery; they only demanded that western merchants be allowed entry into the country on favorable terms so that trade could flourish and increase. They did, however, manage to capture most of the benefits of trade to themselves.
Then there is the 18th century Impeachment of Warren Hastings, the British Governor of Bengal. Chaps like Edmund Burke didn't like the way Hastings looted the Indians under his charge, especially his mean treatment of the Begums of Oudh. My point is: how come a little imperial loot and plunder had, by the end of the 18th century, become a scandal in the British Parliament?
So my view is that capitalism and the Great Enrichment turned men away from slavery and loot-and-plunder empire and towards the market economy of production for exchange and trading with the whole world.
Suppose we consider the slave plantations as Chapter One of the industrial revolution, with gangs of slaves doing simple repetitive jobs for a capitalized enterprise. But look at Chapter Two, where workers were assembled in factories doing repetitive jobs tending textile machines. Pretty soon they were allowed to form trade unions, become voters, and swing national politics towards their agenda of schooling and social insurance. Don't you think it remarkable that this occurred, and that the capitalists did not use their wealth to lord it over the industrial economy like emperors of old and keep the workers as slaves in perpetuity?
I think there is some truth to Marx's doctrine of base and superstructure. Once you get a market economy going men and women are changed by the new economic order and its "nudges." In this new world, slaves are low productivity automatons -- that might rebel in a slave rebellion! And loot-and-plunder imperialism amounts to impoverishing potential customers. How dumb is that!
It is telling that the last notable instance of loot and plunder in western history was the plundering of defeated Germany in 1945 by the Soviet Union. The Soviets removed to Russia just about every machine that was not tied down. But really, what good did it do? In the end the Soviet Union was an economic failure, basically because it operated on the old top-down model where the sovereign issued the orders and the slaves did what they were told, and the tributary states bowed and scraped whenever the sovereign demanded. In West Germany the western powers pretty soon decided they wanted the economy in Germany to recover so that Germans could become an asset rather than a cost.
OK, Great. This is now ancient history: slavery and empire are dead. What I would like to happen is that the present neo-feudal welfare state would go the way of slavery and loot-and-plunder, because we the people are better than subordinate peasants bowing and scraping to our Lords and Masters of the Swamp.