The great achievements of the life of Simon Wiesenthal are well known: how he
set up a center for investigation of crimes against Jews during the years of the
Second World War; how his sleuthing helped the Israeli Mossad track down and bring
to justice Adolf Eichmann, the bureaucrat that efficiently organized the death camps in
which so many millions died.
But it is the details of Wiesenthal’s life that are fresh and new, and cast a light
upon Eastern Europe in the first half of the twentieth century. He was born, for instance,
in 1908 in Buczacz, Galicia, a town that is now part of western Ukraine, but then “an autonomous region of the
Austro-Hungarian Empire, where Polish was the official language.” Buczacz was then 60 percent Jewish.
His childhood was not without event, as the obituary in
The Daily Telegraph attests.
From 1915 to 1917, the family was obliged to seek refuge in Vienna, when
Buczacz was overrun by Jew-baiting Cossacks from Russia.
Evidently, the troubles in Eastern Europe started well before the Final Solution was promulgated in 1942. At the end of
World War I, Buczacz became part of Poland.
But while his education continued in Polish, there were continual changes of
authority: Russian Bolsheviks drove out the Poles; the Poles enlisted the aid of the brutal
Ukrainian Petlyura cavalry. "We would get up
without knowing what regime was in power," Wiesenthal remembered.
If you remember, Poland became involved in the civil
war that raged in the Soviet Union for years after the Bolshevik Revolution.
He graduated from the local gymnasium (which means that the city’s education system was
based on the German model) and struggled for years against anti-Semitic discrimination to qualify
as an architect. Then in 1939 in the Nazi-Soviet partition his town became part of Ukraine and
Wiesenthal was suspect as a “bourgeois” Jew.
In 1941, of course, Buczacz was invaded by the Germans and Wiesenthal became suspect not just
as a Jew but as a member of the “Bolshevik intelligentsia.” He ended up in the Mauthausen death camp.
How did he survive? When millions were done to death, how does the individual survive?
In Wiesenthal’s case the answer is: because of his drawing skill. A guard gave him extra food
“and gave him drawing materials to produce presents for the other guards.”
After the war he began his documentation activities for which we know him.
We may certainly understand, learning of the life of Simon Wiesenthal, how Eastern Europe and its
peoples were cruelly cast about and battered in the last century by the rip-tides of history. And
we may celebrate the great good fortune of those that survived as we mourn the millions lost
in the awful maelstrom.